According to the modern Chan master Sheng Yen, these practices are termed the "five methods for stilling or pacifying the mind" and serve to focus and purify the mind, and support the development of the stages of dhyana. The five main types of meditation in the Dhyāna sutras are ānāpānasmṛti (mindfulness of breathing) paṭikūlamanasikāra meditation (mindfulness of the impurities of the body) maitrī meditation (loving-kindness) the contemplation on the twelve links of pratītyasamutpāda and contemplation on the Buddha. While dhyāna in a strict sense refers to the four dhyānas, in Chinese Buddhism, dhyāna may refer to various kinds of meditation techniques and their preparatory practices, which are necessary to practice dhyāna. Tōrei believed that the Damoduoluo Chan Jing had been authored by Bodhidharma. For example, the 18th century Rinzai Zen master Tōrei Enji wrote a commentary on the Damoduoluo Chan Jing and used the Zuochan Sanmei Jing as source in the writing of this commentary. These early Chinese meditation works continued to exert influence on Zen practice well into the modern era. Among the most influential early Chinese meditation texts include the Anban Shouyi Jing (安般守意經, Sutra on ānāpānasmṛti), the Zuochan Sanmei Jing (坐禪三昧經，Sutra of sitting dhyāna samādhi) and the Damoduoluo Chan Jing (達摩多羅禪經, Dharmatrata dhyāna sutra). 148–180 CE), and Kumārajīva (334–413 CE), who both translated Dhyāna sutras, which were influential early meditation texts mostly based on the Yogacara ( yoga praxis) teachings of the Kashmiri Sarvāstivāda circa 1st–4th centuries CE. The practice of Buddhist meditation first entered China through the translations of An Shigao (fl.
The practice of dhyana or meditation, especially sitting meditation (坐禪， Chinese: zuòchán, Japanese: zazen / ざぜん) is a central part of Zen Buddhism. įurthermore, the Chan School was also influenced by Taoist philosophy, especially Neo-Daoist thought. The Prajñāpāramitā literature, as well as Madhyamaka thought, have also been influential in the shaping of the apophatic and sometimes iconoclastic nature of Zen rhetoric. Zen teaching draws from numerous sources of Sarvastivada meditation practice and Mahāyāna thought, especially Yogachara, the Tathāgatagarbha sūtras, the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra, and the Huayan school, with their emphasis on Buddha-nature, totality, and the Bodhisattva-ideal. As such, it de-emphasizes knowledge alone of sutras and doctrine, and favors direct understanding through spiritual practice and interaction with an accomplished teacher or Master. kensho, "perceiving the true nature") and nature of things (without arrogance or egotism), and the personal expression of this insight in daily life, especially for the benefit of others. Zen emphasizes rigorous self-restraint, meditation-practice and the subsequent insight into nature of mind (見性, Ch.
The term Zen is derived from the Japanese pronunciation of the Middle Chinese word 禪 ( chán), an abbreviation of 禪那 ( chánnà), which is a Chinese transliteration of the Sanskrit word ध्यान dhyāna (" meditation"). From China, Chán spread south to Vietnam and became Vietnamese Thiền, northeast to Korea to become Seon Buddhism, and east to Japan, becoming Japanese Zen.
Zen ( Chinese: 禪 pinyin: Chán Japanese: 禅, romanized: zen Korean: 선, romanized: Seon Vietnamese: Thiền) is a school of Mahayana Buddhism that originated in China during the Tang dynasty, known as the Chan School ( Chánzong 禪宗), and later developed into various sub-schools and branches.
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